exploring low-toxicity alternatives to dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl) catalyst in polyurethane synthesis abstract: dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl) has been a widely used catalyst in polyurethane (pu) synthesis due to its high catalytic activity and cost-effectiveness. however, concerns regarding its toxicity and potential bioaccumulation have driven the search for safer alternatives. this article provides a comprehensive overview of...