enhancing fire retardancy in polyurethane foams with trimethylaminoethyl piperazine amine catalyst introduction polyurethane (pu) foams, renowned for their versatility, excellent insulation properties, and cost-effectiveness, have found widespread applications across various sectors, including construction, automotive, furniture, and packaging. however, their inherent flammability presents a significant safety concern, limiting their broader adoption in applications requiring stringent fire...